Trusty Apollo Lunar Module led the way for Moon landings
2018-01-18
The Apollo Lunar Module (LM), built by the Grumman Corporation in Bethpage, New York, was the vehicle that would take two astronauts down to the lunar surface and return them to the waiting Command Module in lunar orbit.
Before NASA could declare the LM safe for astronauts to fly, however, the hardware had to be tested in Earth orbit without a crew. Grumman delivered the first flight unit, LM-1, to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in June 1967. In November, workers stacked it on its booster. As a weight-saving measure, and because it was not planned to land anywhere, this spacecraft didn’t carry any landing legs. During Apollo 5, LM-1 would simulate the steps of a lunar-landing mission, testing the engines of both the descent stage, used to land the crew on the Moon, and the ascent stage, used to return them back into lunar orbit.
Launch took place on Jan. 22, 1968, at Cape Kennedy’s Launch Complex 37B using the same Saturn 1B rocket that would have taken the Apollo 1 crew into orbit a year earlier—the rocket undamaged by the fire. Once in orbit, LM-1 separated from the rocket’s second stage to begin its 11-hour mission.
After a two-orbit checkout of its systems, LM-1 was ready for its first task—the test of the descent-stage engine. Enter: a malfunction. The guidance computer terminated the planned initial 39-second firing of the descent stage engine after only four seconds. In response, Flight Director Gene Kranz and his team at the Mission Control Center in Houston quickly switched to an alternate plan and fired the descent engine manually two more times. The ascent stage engine then ignited, first while still attached to the descent stage to simulate an aborted landing (the so-called “fire-in-the-hole” staging), and again for more than six minutes until the fuel was depleted. These firings met virtually all mission test objectives.
“The fire-in-the-hole abort was the most critical test of the mission, and one we had to accomplish successfully prior to a manned mission,” Kranz said.
At the postflight press conference, Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager George Low said that the success of Apollo 5 could be attributed “to the fact that we had a good piece of hardware” and “outstanding flight control teams under Gene Kranz’s able leadership.”
Since the LM was not designed to return to Earth, both stages burned up in the atmosphere upon re-entry. After the highly successful test of the LM during Apollo 5, NASA announced on March 19 that a second unmanned test would not be required.*
The next time an LM would fly in space, it would carry astronauts. The Saturn 1B was deemed so reliable that its next launch would carry a crew to test the Apollo Command and Service Module in Earth orbit. This was the first significant change to the Apollo Program plan that NASA announced in November 1967 and brought the agency one step closer to a Moon landing before the end of the decade.
For many Americans, the Apollo 5 mission was overshadowed by two major breaking news events unfolding halfway around the world. The day the Apollo 5 mission ended, North Korea seized the USS Pueblo and its crew and held them captive for 11 months. They released the crew in December, as Apollo 8 was nearing the Moon. A week after Apollo 5, Americans were shocked by the ferocity of the Tet Offensive in Vietnam, signaling an unwelcome escalation of that conflict. The two events inaugurated a turbulent 1968.
*The LM from that would-be mission, LM-2, is on display at the Smithsonian’s Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
For more on the Apollo Program, please visit the JSC History Office website: https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/apollo.htm
To read oral histories with Gene Kranz, click here.
For a NASA documentary of the Apollo 5 mission, watch here.
Before NASA could declare the LM safe for astronauts to fly, however, the hardware had to be tested in Earth orbit without a crew. Grumman delivered the first flight unit, LM-1, to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in June 1967. In November, workers stacked it on its booster. As a weight-saving measure, and because it was not planned to land anywhere, this spacecraft didn’t carry any landing legs. During Apollo 5, LM-1 would simulate the steps of a lunar-landing mission, testing the engines of both the descent stage, used to land the crew on the Moon, and the ascent stage, used to return them back into lunar orbit.
Launch took place on Jan. 22, 1968, at Cape Kennedy’s Launch Complex 37B using the same Saturn 1B rocket that would have taken the Apollo 1 crew into orbit a year earlier—the rocket undamaged by the fire. Once in orbit, LM-1 separated from the rocket’s second stage to begin its 11-hour mission.
After a two-orbit checkout of its systems, LM-1 was ready for its first task—the test of the descent-stage engine. Enter: a malfunction. The guidance computer terminated the planned initial 39-second firing of the descent stage engine after only four seconds. In response, Flight Director Gene Kranz and his team at the Mission Control Center in Houston quickly switched to an alternate plan and fired the descent engine manually two more times. The ascent stage engine then ignited, first while still attached to the descent stage to simulate an aborted landing (the so-called “fire-in-the-hole” staging), and again for more than six minutes until the fuel was depleted. These firings met virtually all mission test objectives.
“The fire-in-the-hole abort was the most critical test of the mission, and one we had to accomplish successfully prior to a manned mission,” Kranz said.
At the postflight press conference, Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager George Low said that the success of Apollo 5 could be attributed “to the fact that we had a good piece of hardware” and “outstanding flight control teams under Gene Kranz’s able leadership.”
Since the LM was not designed to return to Earth, both stages burned up in the atmosphere upon re-entry. After the highly successful test of the LM during Apollo 5, NASA announced on March 19 that a second unmanned test would not be required.*
The next time an LM would fly in space, it would carry astronauts. The Saturn 1B was deemed so reliable that its next launch would carry a crew to test the Apollo Command and Service Module in Earth orbit. This was the first significant change to the Apollo Program plan that NASA announced in November 1967 and brought the agency one step closer to a Moon landing before the end of the decade.
For many Americans, the Apollo 5 mission was overshadowed by two major breaking news events unfolding halfway around the world. The day the Apollo 5 mission ended, North Korea seized the USS Pueblo and its crew and held them captive for 11 months. They released the crew in December, as Apollo 8 was nearing the Moon. A week after Apollo 5, Americans were shocked by the ferocity of the Tet Offensive in Vietnam, signaling an unwelcome escalation of that conflict. The two events inaugurated a turbulent 1968.
*The LM from that would-be mission, LM-2, is on display at the Smithsonian’s Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
For more on the Apollo Program, please visit the JSC History Office website: https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/apollo.htm
To read oral histories with Gene Kranz, click here.
For a NASA documentary of the Apollo 5 mission, watch here.
The Lunar Module-1 (LM-1) during preflight integration into the spacecraft LM adaptor at Kennedy Space Center. Image Credit: NASA
The Apollo 5 Saturn 1B on Pad 37B at Cape Kennedy’s Launch Complex. Image Credit: NASA
In the Mission Control Center in Houston, Apollo 5 Flight Director Gene Kranz (in white vest at right) talks with James McDivitt (left) and Russell Schweickart (middle), who were selected to conduct the first manned flight of the LM. Image Credit: NASA